As a momentous post-transcriptional regulator, microRNAs (miRNAs) are attracting more and more attention. The classical miRNAs regulated mechanism shows it binds to the targets’ 3’UTR thus play the role in post-transcription.

Meanwhile, single miRNA can target multiple genes, so those should compete to bind that miRNA. Vice versa, single gene can sponge mass of miRNAs as well. Thus the competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) hypothesis was put forward in 2011.

The ceRNA hypothesis has made huge achievements, in particular in non-coding genes, which including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circle RNAs (circRNAs) and pseudogenes, even viral transcripts. It also contributed greatly to epigenetics development.

However, an increasing number of controversies have occurred with applause. Based on this situation, this review introduces something in detail about the ceRNAs hypothesis achieved in lncRNAs,circRNAs, pseudogenes and viral transcripts, respectively. Meanwhile, it also covers controversy of the ceRNAs hypothesis

RNA silencing of hormonal biosynthetic genes impairs larval growth and development in cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is a highly polyphagous pest, causing enormous losses to various economically important crops. The identification and in vitro functional validation of target genes of a pest is a prerequisite to combat pest via host-mediated RNA interference (RNAi).

In the present study, six hormonal biosynthesis genes of H. armigera were chosen and evaluated by feeding insect larvae with dsRNAs corresponding to each target gene, viz., juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase (HaJHAMT), prothoracicotropic hormone (HaPTTH), pheromone biosynthesis-activating peptide (HaPBAP), molt regulating transcription factor (HaHR3), activated protein 4 (HaAP-4) and eclosion hormone precursor (HaEHP).

The loss of function phenotypes for these hormonal genes were observed by releasing second instar larvae on to artificial diet containing target gene-specific dsRNAs. Ingestion of dsRNAs resulted in mortality ranging from 60% to 90%, reduced larval weight, phenotypic deformities and delayed pupation. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the target gene transcript levels were decreased drastically (31% to 77%) as compared to control or unrelated control (GFP-dsRNA), and correlated well with the mortality and developmental defects of larvae.

Also, a comparison of the silencing efficacy of un-diced long HaPTTH -dsRNAwith RNase III diced HaPTTH-dsRNA (siRNAs) revealed that long dsRNAs were more efficient in silencing the target gene. These results indicated that the hormonal biosynthesis genes have varied sensitivity towards RNAi and could be the vital targets for insect resistance in crop plants like cotton which are infested by H. armigera.

 

Conserved Patterns in Developmental Processes and Phases, Rather than Genes, Unite the Highly Divergent Bilateria

Bilateria are the predominant clade of animals on Earth. Despite having evolved a wide variety of body plans and developmental modes, they are characterized by common morphological traits. By default, researchers have tried to link clade-specific genes to these traits, thus distinguishing bilaterians from non-bilaterians, by their gene content.

Here we argue that it is rather biological processes that unite Bilateria and set them apart from their non-bilaterian sisters, with a less complex body morphology. To test this hypothesis, we compared proteomes of bilaterian and non-bilaterian species in an elaborate computational pipeline, aiming to search for a set of bilaterian-specific genes.

Despite the limited confidence in their bilaterian specificity, we nevertheless detected Bilateria-specific functional and developmental patterns in the sub-set of genes conserved in distantly related Bilateria. Using a novel multi-species GO-enrichment method, we determined the functional repertoire of genes that are widely conserved among Bilateria. Analyzing expression profiles in three very distantly related model species-D. melanogaster, D. rerio and C. elegans-we find characteristic peaks at comparable stages of development and a delayed onset of expression in embryos. In particular, the expression of the conserved genes appears to peak at the phylotypic stage of different bilaterian phyla.

In summary, our study illustrate how development connects distantly related Bilateria after millions of years of divergence, pointing to processes potentially separating them from non-bilaterians. We argue that evolutionary biologists should return from a purely gene-centric view of evolution and place more focus on analyzing and defining conserved developmental processes and periods.

The impact of cross-kingdom molecular forensics on Genetic privacy

Recent advances in metagenomic technology and computational prediction may inadvertently weaken an individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy. Through cross-kingdom genetic and metagenomic forensics, we can already predict at least a dozen human phenotypes with varying degrees of accuracy.

There is also growing potential to detect a “molecular echo” of an individual’s microbiome from cells deposited on public surfaces. At present, host genetic data from somatic or germ cells provide more reliable information than microbiome samples.

However, the emerging ability to infer personal details from different microscopic biological materials left behind on surfaces requires in-depth ethical and legal scrutiny. There is potential to identify and track individuals, along with new, surreptitious means of genetic discrimination.

This commentary underscores the need to update legal and policy frameworks for genetic privacy with additional considerations for the information that could be acquired from microbiome-derived data. The article also aims to stimulate ubiquitous discourse to ensure the protection of genetic rights and liberties in the post-genomic era. Video abstract.

MiR-340 promotes the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by targeting von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) Gene

MiRNAs play key roles in the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the roles and underlying mechanism of miRNAs in VSMCs are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of miR-340 in the proliferation of VSMCs.

 

The expression levels of miR-340 and von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor (VHL) in VSMCs induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) -BB or fetal bovine serum (FBS) were measured by q-PCR. The effects of miR-340 and VHL on cell proliferation and invasion were evaluated by CCK-8 assay.

Target gene prediction and screening as well as luciferase reporter assay were performed to verify the downstream target genes of miR-340. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VHL.

Our results showed that the miR-340 was up-regulated in PDGF-BB_ENREF_1or FBS induced VSMCs. In addition, overexpression of miR-340 promoted VSMCs proliferation and invasion. Moreover, VHL was found to be a potential target for miR-340, and up-regulation of VHL inhibited VSMCs proliferation.

MiR-340 plays a critical role in VSMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia in rats carotid balloon injury model. Reduced expression levels of miR-340 promoted VHL-inhibited VSMCs proliferation. In conclusion, miR-340 may play a role in the regulation of proliferation of VSMCs by inhibition of VHL.

 

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC470699-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF647 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC400699-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF640R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC400699-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF640R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC400909-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF640R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC400909-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF640R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNC550275-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), CF555 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNC550275-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), CF555 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC550699-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF555 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC550699-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF555 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC550909-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF555 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC550909-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF555 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNC400275-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), CF640R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNC400275-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), CF640R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNC430275-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), CF543 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNC430275-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), CF543 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC430699-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF543 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC430699-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF543 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC430909-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF543 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC430909-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF543 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC470909-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF647 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC470909-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF647 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC800699-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF680 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC800699-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF680 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC800909-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF680 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC800909-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF680 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNC810275-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), CF680R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNC810275-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), CF680R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC810699-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF680R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC810699-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF680R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC810909-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF680R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC810909-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF680R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC610909-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF660R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC610909-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF660R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNC610275-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), CF660R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNC610275-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), CF660R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC610699-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF660R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC610699-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF660R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNUM0275-50	Biotium	50uL	EUR 474
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), 1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNUM0699-50	Biotium	50uL	EUR 474
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), 1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNUM0909-50	Biotium	50uL	EUR 474
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), 1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNCB0275-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), Biotin conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNCB0275-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), Biotin conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNCB0699-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), Biotin conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNCB0699-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), Biotin conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNCB0909-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), Biotin conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNCB0909-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), Biotin conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNCP0275-250	Biotium	250uL	EUR 459.6
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), PerCP conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNCP0699-250	Biotium	250uL	EUR 459.6
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), PerCP conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNCP0909-250	Biotium	250uL	EUR 459.6
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), PerCP conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNCA0275-250	Biotium	250uL	EUR 459.6
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), APC conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNCA0699-250	Biotium	250uL	EUR 459.6
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), APC conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNCAP0909-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), Alkaline Phosphatase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNCAP0909-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), Alkaline Phosphatase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNCA0909-250	Biotium	250uL	EUR 459.6
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), APC conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNCAP0275-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), Alkaline Phosphatase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNCAP0275-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), Alkaline Phosphatase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNCAP0699-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), Alkaline Phosphatase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNCAP0699-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), Alkaline Phosphatase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNC940275-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), CF594 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNC940275-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), CF594 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC940699-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF594 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC940699-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF594 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC940909-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF594 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC940909-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF594 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNCH0275-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), Horseradish Peroxidase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNCH0275-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), Horseradish Peroxidase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNCH0699-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), Horseradish Peroxidase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNCH0699-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), Horseradish Peroxidase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNCH0909-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), Horseradish Peroxidase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNCH0909-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), Horseradish Peroxidase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNUB0909-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 250.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), Concentration: 0.2mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNUB0909-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 549.6
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), Concentration: 0.2mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNUB0275-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 250.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), Concentration: 0.2mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNUB0275-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 549.6
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), Concentration: 0.2mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNUB0699-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 250.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), Concentration: 0.2mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNUB0699-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 549.6
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), Concentration: 0.2mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNC040275-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), CF405S conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNC040275-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), CF405S conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC040699-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF405S conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC040699-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF405S conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC040909-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF405S conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC909) Antibody
BNC040909-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC909), CF405S conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNC050275-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), CF405M conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC275) Antibody
BNC050275-500	Biotium	500uL	EUR 652.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC275), CF405M conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL

c-Myc(MYC699) Antibody
BNC050699-100	Biotium	100uL	EUR 238.8
Description: Primary antibody against c-Myc(MYC699), CF405M conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL